🔎 Morphology Part 1: The Science of Reading
In Focus 🔎 The Study of Morphology:
Prefixes / Roots / Suffixes
What is Morphology and Why Does It Matter?
Definition and Major Finding
Morphological Awareness is the process of using morphemes, affixes (prefixes and suffixes), base words, and word roots to infer the meanings of words. (View our Glossary for more definitions.)
“Recent research supports what many teachers already know — that students with developed understanding of how words are combinations of meaningful word parts — tend to have better vocabularies and stronger reading comprehension performance.” (Kieffer & Lesaux, 2007)
Let’s break down the science behind effective reading instruction.
Why is knowledge of prefixes, roots, and suffixes important?
💬 The Science Says:
“Successful reading at the intermediate grades requires children to have strategies for decoding multisyllabic words.” (Cunningham, 2011)
🔶 The CRSL Way:
CRSL teaches students systematic strategies (Vowel Tag, Changing, Dividing) to decode multisyllabic words. Students’ understanding of the Latin structure of prefix + root/base + suffix assists them in reading and understanding multisyllabic words. This knowledge helps them read, spell and understand complex words.
Why does morphology matter in reading instruction?
💬 The Science Says:
“Morphology is critical to literacy development… There is longstanding evidence of robust associations between morphology and literacy skills, such as word reading, spelling, and reading comprehension in English-speaking children.” (Levesque et al., 2021)
🔶 The CRSL Way:
CRSL was a pioneer in incorporating morphological awareness (MA) instruction in its programs. MA is an important component of First Steps, Streamlined Levels 1 and 2, The Six!, and Wordsmith Levels 1-5. Wordsmith Levels 4 and 5 concentrate on morphology.
When should we introduce morphology?
💬 The Science Says:
“Morphological structure and regularities support the transition from novice to expert reading (Castles et al., 2018) but we think that its role has much earlier emerging origins in children’s reading development.” (Levesque et al., 2021)
🔶 The CRSL Way:
CRSL begins morphological instruction early. In the Kindergarten First Steps Program, students are introduced to inflectional suffixes (-s, -es, -ing, -ed).
Streamlined Level One reviews theses suffixes and adds prefixes (pre-, re-, dis-, un-) and three more suffixes (-er, -est, -y). Streamlined Level Tworeviews these affixes and adds prefixes (non-, in-, sub-, mis-) and suffixes (-sure, -ture, -ment, -ness, -ly, -ful, -tion, -sion.)
The Six! organizes the affixes by syllable types and reviews or introduces 38 affixes.
What should morphology instruction include?
💬 The Science Says:
“Carlisle (2010) found that MA instruction in research interventions typically addressed one or more of four different objectives: (1) awareness of the morphological structure of words; (2) meanings of specific affixes and roots; (3) analysis of how a word’s morphemes contribute to its meaning, grammatical function, or spelling; and (4) strategies for using MA to infer word meanings.” (Manyak et al., 2018)
🔶 The CRSL Way:
CRSL addresses all four objectives, with an emphasis on the meaning of the morphemes and also on its grammatical function and spelling conventions. In simpler terms, those objectives are:
Recognize the structure of words (prefixes, roots, suffixes)
Understand the meanings of common affixes and roots
Analyze how morphemes affect meaning, grammar, and spelling
Use morphology to infer the meaning of unfamiliar words
When should we start teaching prefixes and suffixes?
💬 The Science Says:
“The frequency of affixed words in reading materials increases greatly in third grade (White, Power, & White, 1989), we chose grade 3 as a starting point for focused affix instruction.”
🔶 The CRSL Way:
The Six!, our newest program, is developed specifically to focus on teaching affixes within the instruction of the six syllable types, and is designed for 3rd graders reading at grade level, and 4th - 5th graders who are reading below grade level.
What are some tools to support reading instruction?
💬 The Science Says:
". . . the morphological matrix that organizes words around a common base may provide an important new tool for literacy instruction.” (Ng et al., 2022)
🔶 The CRSL Way:
In Wordsmith Levels 4 and 5, CRSL provides word matrixes using a base/root word andprefixes, suffixes, and sometimes connecting vowels to generate new words.
Summary Thoughts: At CRSL, we’ve seen firsthand how understanding the Science of Reading can transform the way students learn. It’s not just about phonics. Morphology plays a huge role in helping kids make sense of words. When students understand how bases, prefixes, and suffixes work together, their vocabulary, spelling, and comprehension grow in ways that rote memorization just can’t match. But too often, morphology gets overlooked in early literacy instruction. That’s why we make it a priority, weaving it into our programs so students don’t just read words, they understand them.
Next Up: How does the Science of Reading play out in real classrooms? In Conversations with Cheryl, our resident expert and company president, talks with teachers, offering insights and suggestions for bringing research-based literacy practices to life.
In Focus explores the concepts that matter most in structured literacy. Each topic examines the research, shares classroom experience, offers practical teaching strategies, and brings it all together the CRSL Way.
